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NUMISMATIC  NO’ 
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No.  4 


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THE  MEXICAN  REVOLUTIONARY 


COINAGE  1913-1916 
By  HOWLAND  WOOD 


THE  AMERICAN  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 
BROADWAY  AT  156th  STREET 
NEW  YORK 
1921 


PUBLICATIONS 


The  American  Journal  of  Numismatics » 
1866-date. 

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The  American  Numismatic  Society.  Catalogue 
of  the  International  Exhibition  of  Contempo- 
rary Medals.  March,  1910.  New  and  revised 
edition.  New  York.  1911,  xxxvi,  412 
pages,  512  illustrations.  $10.00. 

The  American  Numismatic  Society.  Exhibition 
of  United  States  and  Colonial  Coins.  1914. 
vii,  134  pages,  40  plates.  $1.00. 


NUMISMATIC 

NOTES  & MONOGRAPHS 


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i 


74 


The  Oaxaca  Gold 
Sixty-Peso  Piece 


iNlo  longer  the  property  ot 
The  Library 

Mount  Holyoke  College 


THE  MEXICAN  REVOLU- 
TIONARY COINAGE 

1913-1916 


THE  AMERICAN  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 
BROADWAY  AT  156th  STREET 
NEW  YORK 
1921 


COPYRIGHT  1921  BY 

THE  AMERICAN  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY 


Press  of  T.  R.  Marvin  & Son,  Boston 


MGEITY  CENTER 

OBRARY 


3 


o 

,3 

-S 


MEXICO 

1 

THE  MEXICAN  REVOLUTIONARY 
COINAGE 

1913-1916 

By  Howland  Wood 

INTRODUCTION 

War  in  its  various  phases  has  always 
had  its  influence  on  coinage;  mints  have 
changed  hands  or  new  mints  have  operated, 
new  types  or  denominations  have  resulted, 
while  special  coinages,  either  necessity  or 
emergency,  have  come  out  during  such 
periods  of  unusual  disturbance  or  stress. 
The  bygone  coinage  of  Europe  well  attests 
this  fact.  The  money  of  North  and 
South  America  has  been  equally  influenced 
by  war  and  other  political  disturbances. 

Ever  since  the  recent  revolutionary 
era  began  in  Mexico,  and  there  were 
prospects  that  coins  might  be  issued,  it 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

to 

cry 


<3 

4 


2 

MEXICO 

has  been  the  endeavor  of  The  American 
Numismatic  Society  to  obtain  specimens 
of  such  coins  and  the  data  concerning  them. 
The  necessity  of  collecting  all  possible  in- 
formation and  specimens  at  the  time,  while 
events  were  fresh  and  the  coins  could  be 
acquired,  was  especially  borne  in  mind. 
This  decision  was  made  chiefly  because  of 
the  woeful  lack  of  knowledge  concerning 
that  previous  series  of  crudely  struck  coins 
and  counterstamped  pieces,  issued  in 
Mexico  by  both  the  Patriots  and  Royalists 
during  the  War  of  Independence  between 
1 8 i~o  and  1822.  Then,  unfortunately, 
and  for  a long  time  afterwards,  little 
attention  was  paid  to  those  early  pieces, 
and  not  much  pertinent  and  interesting 
information  concerning  them  remains  to- 
day; or  if  it  does,  it  has  not  been  res- 
urrected for  the  numismatic  fraternity. 
Although  we  have  much  knowledge  and 
data  concerning  the  extensive  coinage  of 
Morelos,  the  Commander  of  the  Army  of 
the  South,  there  is  much  more  we  do  not 
know.  We  have  the  coinage  of  General 
Vargas,  struck  at  Sombrerete  in  Zacatecas, 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

1 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

3 

but  numismatists  know  little  about  this 
man  or  his  coinage.  Also  there  are  the 
various  issues  struck  by  the  Royalists  and 
the  Central  Junta,  and  the  many  counter- 
stamped  pieces,  the  product  of  the  time, 
of  which  for  the  most  part  we  are  ignorant 
as  to  details.  This  is  especially  unfortu- 
nate as  these  pieces  would,  with  more  in- 
formation, be  as  interesting  as  any  similar 
series  issued  in  Europe. 

Without  attempting  to  trace  the  history 
of  the  present  revolution  or,  rather,  series 
jof  revolutions,  we  can  see  that  the  unrest 
in  Mexico,  which  had  been  quietly  slumber- 
ing for  a number  of  years,  had  its  beginning 
about  1910  when  General  Porfirio  Diaz 
[was  elected  president  for  the  eighth  time, 
i Although  the  old  gentleman  was  alive  to 
the  mutterings  of  discontent,  he  was 
overpersuaded  by  his  advisers  to  con- 
tinue his  presidency.  In  November  of 
that  year  the  revolution  started  under 
the  leadership  of  Senor  Francisco  Madero. 
Diaz  had  to  leave  Mexico  in  May,  1911, 
and,  after  a short  period  of  provisional 
government,  Madero  became  president. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

4 

MEXICO 

His  rule  was  short-lived  and  lasted  from 
November  6,  1911,  until  February  13, 
1913,  when  a coup  d’etat  took  place  and 
his  murder  resulted  a few  days  later.  Dur- 
ing the  next  month  rebellions  again  broke 
out  in  the  North  under  the  command  of 
Generals  Carranza  and  Villa,  although 
some  time  before  there  had  been  in  the 
South,  where  Zapata  and  his  followers  were 
strong,  a very  decided  opposition  to  any 
of  the  existing  governments. 

During  these  first  two  years,  events 
moved  quickly,  which  resulted  in  many 
changes  as  to  politics,  but  as  far  as  coin 
issues  were  concerned  we  find  nothing. 
With  the  rapid  rise  of  the  Constitu- 
tionalist forces  of  the  North  and  the 
organization  of  their  territory,  we  begin 
to  get  our  revolutionary  coinage.  This 
was  due  probably  to  the  urgent  need  of 
a more  stable  currency  and  the  fact  that 
the  civil  war  had  already  devastated  the 
land,  and  what  money  there  was  formerly 
had  been  either  buried  or  exported.  The 
first  currency  to  be  issued  consisted  of 
enormous  quantities  of  paper  money  which 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

5 

were  extensively  counterfeited  and  soon 
became  practically  valueless.  In  fact,  it 
looked  for  a time  as  though  numismatists 
would  be  poorly  repaid  for  their  trouble  in 
trying  to  find  any  coins.  As  paper  money 
cost  practically  nothing  to  issue,  and  for 
the  most  part  was  put  into  circulation  by 
force,  the  necessity  of  coining  money  was 
reduced  to  a minimum.  As  a matter  of 
fact  when  any  silver  or  copper  was  actu- 
ally coined,  the  bullion  for  it  was  either 
stolen  or  taken  over  by  threats  or  by  force, 
and  the  cost  of  production  was  conse- 
quently very  small.  Even  when  silver 
money  was  issued,  it  disappeared  from 
circulation  almost  instantly,  as  the  flood 
of  paper  money  made  it  profitable  to 
melt  up  the  new  coin  or  else  export  it. 
Large  amounts  of  coin  are,  nevertheless, 
in  the  country  from  the  fact  that  much 
has  been  forced  out  of  hiding  by  threats, 
torture,  and  other  high-handed  methods. 
Also  it  is  a well-known  fact  that  vast 
sums  have  been  smuggled  across  the  border 
into  the  United  States.  It  has  been  re- 
ported that  Villa  has  sent  into  the  United 

- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

6 

MEXICO 

States  several  million  pesos  that  he  coined 
in  Chihuahua.  See  No.  22,  page  20. 

The  first  of  these  revolutionary  issues, 
especially  in  the  North,  were  struck  with 
the  intention  of  giving  full  weight  and 
value.  In  the  South,  the  coins  were 
stamped  with  values  much  in  excess  of 
their  bullion  worth,  but  later  were  fol- 
lowed in  some  instances  by  a pure  token 
coinage  in  copper  with  denominations  of 
silver  coins.  The  alloying  of  gold  in  the 
silver  coins  is  interesting.  When  done 
intentionally  the  amount  of  gold  was 
stated  on  the  coin,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Zapata  and  Oaxaca  issues. 

The  scope  of  this  monograph  is  the 
metallic  coinage  of  the  period  in  question 
issued  by  the  different  revolutionary  bands 
and  it  makes  no  pretensions  of  chronicling 
the  coins  issued  in  Mexico  City  that 
followed  the  regular  standards ; nor  is 
any  attempt  made  to  take  up  the  many 
and  various  issues  of  paper  and  cardboard 
money  that  flooded  the  country. 

Although  it  has  been  the  aim  to  chronicle 
all  the  varieties  struck,  the  impossibility  of 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

7 

doing  so  is  realized.  Undoubtedly  some 
pieces  have  escaped  notice.  The  writer 
has  heard  rumors  of  other  pieces  but  has 
been  unable  to  get  sufficient  data  about 
the  issuers  or  descriptions  of  the  pieces. 
There  have  been  reports  of  square  gold 
pieces  circulating  in  certain  of  the  moun- 
tain districts ; more  definite  reports  come 
regarding  crude  pieces  of  silver  bullion 
passing  current  along  the  Chihuahua  and 
Sonora  borders  in  the  mining  districts  of 
the  Sierra  Madre.  These  are  not  coins 
and  consequently  are  not  included  in  the 
catalogue ; they  are  simply  pieces  of  silver 
weighing  one  or  two  ounces,  and  passing 
for  one  and  two  pesos,  respectively. 

One  would  naturally  expect  to  find 
counterstamps  as  a result  of  the  many 
changes,  but  to  my  knowledge  there  has 
been  but  one  counterstamp  and  that 
on  one  of  the  revolutionary  pieces.  The 
probable  reason  for  this  absence  of  sur- 
charging was  the  scarcity  of  coins  to  re- 
validate, and  the  fact  of  no  great  amount 
of  enemy  issues  getting  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  other  side. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

8 

MEXICO 

The  opportunity  is  herewith  taken  to 
acknowledge  my  thanks  to  the  following 
collectors  for  information  and  the  loan  of 
certain  coins : 

Sig.  Ignacio  Fernandez  Esperon  of  the 
Mexican  Consulate,  New  York,  for  much 
valuable  information  concerning  events 
in  Mexico. 

Dr.  Francis  C.  Nicholas  for  much 
useful  information,  and  the  gift  to  the 
Society  of  a number  of  these  revolutionary 
coins. 

Rev.  A.  D.  Chaurand  for  the  history 
of  the  Oaxaca  issues. 

Mr.  George  F.  Brown  for  the  loan  of : 
coin  No.  25. 

Mr.  H.  L.  Hill  for  No.  41. 

Mr.  John  F.  Le  Blanc  for  Nos.  10,  27, 
28,  and  46. 

Dr.  T.  W.  Voetter  for  No.  26. 

Mr.  E.  E.  Wright  for  Nos.  12,  13,  14,  16, 
21,  44,  and  47. 

Mr.  Farran  Zerbe  for  Nos.  2,  42,  and  43. 

All  the  other  coins  described  are  in  the 
collection  of  The  American  Numismatic 
Society. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

9 

The  first  actual  issue  of  coins  made  by 
the  revolutionists  was  in  the  State  of 
Sinaloa  in  June  and  July,  1913,  from 
bullion  taken  from  the  El  Rosario  Mine, 
on  the  order  of  General  Rafael  Buelna 

1 Peso.  The  regular  Mexican  eight 
reals  or  peso.  With  eagle  on  obverse 
and  radiate  liberty  cap  on  reverse,  as 
adopted  in  1825  and  issued  almost  con- 
stantly until  1910. 

Size  39  mm.  Weight  of  specimen  exam- 
ined, 32.72  gr.  (505  grains).  Silver. 

It  is  said  that  only  25,000  were  cast,  so 
poor  were  the  results,  as  the  casting  was 
executed  in  coarse  sand  moulds.  These 
pieces  are  very  rare  and  probably  very 
few  specimens  will  find  their  way  into  the 
cabinets  of  collectors.  It  is  said  that  they 
were  all  melted  up  in  the  space  of  a few 
days  because  it  was  found  that  a large 
percentage  of  gold  was  in  the  alloy,  which 
had  not  been  assayed  before  the  pieces 
were  made.  Exaggerated  tales  are  told 
of  the  amount  of  gold  in  these  pieces, 
but  these  stories  must  be  viewed,  for  the 
most  part,  with  considerable  scepticism. 

Sinaloa 

Issues 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

IO 

MEXICO 

The  fact  remains,  however,  that  the  gold 
in  these  pieces  is  far  in  excess  of  their  face 
value.  It  will  be  noted  that  they  weigh 
about  a fifth  more  than  the  standard 
Mexican  peso. 

2 Peso.  Same  as  No.  i,  but  counter- 
stamped  G.C. 

Size  39  mm.  Weight  32.2  gr.  (497 
grains).  Silver.  Plate  I. 

This  counterstamp  is  said  to  be  the 
mark  of  General  Juan  Carrasco,  and  is 
interesting  because  Carrasco  shortly  after 
issued  dollars  of  his  own,  and  probably  at 
the  same  time  stamped  the  few  remaining 
Buelna  dollars  that  had  escaped  the  melt- 
ing pot.  This  G.  C.  stamp  has  been  in- 
terpreted by  some  as  the  abbreviation  of 
General  Carrasco,  but  the  more  probable 
reading  is  Gobierno  Constitucionalista 
(Constitutional  Government) . 

Some  time  in  the  late  autumn  of  1913, 
General  Juan  Carrasco  caused  dollars  to 
be  cast  at  Culiacan  in  Sinaloa,  using  as  a 
model  the  old  liberty  cap  peso  as  in  the 
previous  instance. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 1 6 

11 

3 Peso.  Same  as  No.  i,  but  showing 
the  design  more  clearly. 

Size  39  mm.  Weight  of  five  specimens 
examined,  26.50,  27.26,  27.43,  29.31, 
29.64  gr.  (409,  421,  423.5,  452.5,  and 
457.5  grains).  Silver.  Plate  II. 

These  dollars,  for  the  most  part,  show 
the  design  better  than  did  the  Buelna 
specimens,  but  the  edges  were  left  very 
rough  and  consequently  had  to  be  filed 
considerably.  They  can  be  distinguished 
more  readily  from  the  Buelna  pieces  by 
their  weight.  They  are  also  rare  because 
the  bullion  value  in  them  was  in  excess 
of  their  face  value,  especially  as  the  low 
valuation  of  the  paper  money  made  it 
profitable  to  melt  them  up.  They  assay 
about  nine-tenths  silver,  one-tenth  copper, 
and  a small  showing  of  gold. 

The  next  issue  was  a series  of  struck 
coins  made  at  Parral  in  Chihuahua.  It  is 
said  that  the  silver  had  been  confiscated 
from  near-by  mines,  and  the  rumor  went 
around  that  they  contained  considerable 
gold.  This,  however,  is  probably  not  so. 
There  are  various  conflicting  accounts 

Parral 

Issues 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

12 

MEXICO 

about  these  coins.  One  statement  is  that 
General  Maclovio  Herrera  gave  the  order 
to  make  this  money,  another  account  is 
that  General  Villa  personally  authorized 
it.  Both  versions  may  be  correct.  At 
any  rate  this  issue  is  known  as  Villa’s 
first  coinage,  and  it  was  probably  first 
struck  in  October,  1913.  Although  it  was 
thought  that  but  few  were  struck,  there 
is  no  doubt  that  a great  many  pieces  were 
made  — sufficient  to  meet  the  demand  for 
these  coins  from  collectors.  This  fact 
can  be  stated  about  these  and  subsequent 
coins  of  the  revolutionists,  namely,  that 
more  are  undoubtedly  seen  in  the  United 
States  than  in  Mexico,  as  the  very  large 
issue  of  paper  and  cardboard  money  very 
soon  drove  out  the  metallic  money.  For 
another  coin  issued  by  General  Herrera 
see  No.  29. 

The  description  of  this  issue  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

4 Peso.  Obv.  h 1 del  | parral  (Hi- 
dalgo del  Parral),  within  a partial 
wreath  and  a half  circle  composed  of 
annulets;  at  base,  1913. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

13 

Rev.  i peso,  within  partial  wreath  and 
half  circle  of  annulets. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  39  mm.  Weights 
of  pieces  examined  vary  from  25.92 
to  27.59  gr.  (400  to  426  grains).  Silver. 

Plate  III. 

5 50  Centavos.  Obv.  fuerzas  cons- 

titucionalistas  1913  (Constitu- 

tionalist Forces).  In  centre,  a crude 
representation  of  the  radiate  liberty 
cap,  dotted  border. 

Rev.  50  | centavos;  above,  a small 
radiate  liberty  cap  on  pole,  at  each  side 
spray  of  leaves,  dotted  border. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  30  mm.  Weights 
vary  from  12.96  to  13.47  gr-  (20°  to 
208  grains).  Silver.  Plate  IV. 

Specimens  have  been  noted  with  plain 
edge. 

The  copper  coinage  consisted  of  a two- 
centavo  piece.  The  trolley  wire  of  the 
Parral-Santa  Barbara  Railway  Company 
was  used  to  make  this  coinage. 

6 2 Centavos.  Obv.  2 <t  in  wreath  with- 
in a circle,  outside  of  which  fuerzas 
constitucionalistas  I.  Outside  bor- 
der of  dots. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

14 

MEXICO 

Muera 

Huerta 

Issues 

Rev.  Within  circle  a radiate  liberty  cap ; 
outside  and  on  each  side,  spray  of 
leaves;  below,  1913,  made  by  stippling. 
Size  25  mm.  Copper.  Plate  IV. 

Probably  the  next  issue,  at  any  rate 
in  the  North,  is  the  Muera  Huerta  piece. 
This  was  coined  at  Cuencame,  an  old 
Indian  village  between  Torreon  and 
Durango,  in  Durango  State,  under  orders 
of  Generals  Calixto  Contreras  and  Severino 
Ceniceros. 

This  coin  is  most  remarkable  on  account 
of  its  inscription  — muera  huerta  (Death 
to  Huerta).  So  dire  a threat  on  a coin 
is  almost  unique  in  numismatic  annals. 
It  is  said  that  Huerta  was  so  enraged 
about  it  that  he  issued  a proclamation  to 
the  effect  that  whoever  was  found  in  pos- 
session of  one  of  these  coins  should  be  sub- 
ject to  death. 

7 Peso.  Obv.  In  centre,  the  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus ; above, 
ejercito  constitucionalista  (Con- 
stitutionalist Army) ; below,  — muera 
huerta  “.  Around  border,  continuous 
outer  line  and  wide  denticulations. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

15 

Rev.  In  centre  a radiate  liberty  cap; 
above,  estados  unidos  mexicanos  ; 
below,  .1914.  un  peso.  1914.  Bor- 
der as  on  obverse.  Edge  shows  traces 
of  crude  reeding. 

Size  39  mm.  The  two  specimens 
examined  weigh  21.70  and  22.61  gr. 
(335  and  349  grains).  Silver.  Plate  V. 

The  die  of  the  obverse  became  broken 
so  badly  (No.  7a,  Plate  VI),  that  a new 
die  was  cut. 

8 Peso.  Obv.  Similar  to  No  7,  but 
instead  of  a linear  border  line,  one 
composed  of  dots  and  dashes  was  sub- 
stituted; also  the  denticulated  border 
is  less  marked  and  the  oval  pellets  on 
each  side  of  muera  huerta  are  larger. 
Rev.  Same  as  No.  7. 

Edge  coarsely  reeded.  Size  38  mm. 
Weights  of  pieces  examined  vary  from 
19.47  to  23  gr.  (300.5  to  355  grains). 
Silver.  Plate  VI. 

It  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  the  weights 
of  the  above  as  Villa  very  shortly  obtained 
possession  of  the  dies  and  struck  heavier 
pieces  from  them  in  Chihuahua. 

For  No.  8a 
see  page  43 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i6 

MEXICO 

Durango 

Issue 

9 Peso.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  8. 

Rev.  Same  as  No.  8. 

Edge  plain  or  very  slightly  reeded. 

Size  39  mm.  Weight  of  piece  examined 
28.50  gr.  (440  grains).  Silver. 

. Besides  the  silver  peso,  there  were  issued 
in  Durango,  probably  at  Cuencame, 
copper  five-centavos  and  one-centavo 
pieces,  crudely  done  and  poorly  struck. 
At  least  six  sets  of  dies  of  the  five  centavos 
must  have  been  made,  as  this  number  of 
dies  has  been  noted.  These  pieces  are 
somewhat  rare,  especially  the  one-centavo. 

10  5 Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  1914; 
above,  estado  de  durango;  below,  a 
wreath. 

Rev.  Within  a circle  of  four  pointed 
stars,  5 CENTAVOS. 

Size  24  mm.  Copper.  Plate  VII. 

11  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  10, 
but  the  inscription  reads  e.  de  durango, 
and  the  date  1914  is  smaller. 

Rev.  Similar,  but  5 centavos  is  smaller. 
Size  24  mm.  Copper.  Plate  VII. 

Three  dies  of  this  variety  have  been 
noted. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

1913-1916 

12  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  10, 
but  the  1914  is  smaller  and  lower  down 
in  the  field,  and  the  n in  durango  is 
retrograde. 

Rev.  Similar  but  the  c in  centavos 
made  thus,  C. 

Size  24  mm.  Copper.  Plate  VII. 

13  5 Centavos.  Same  as  No.  12  but 

struck  in  brass. 

14  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  10 
but  the  1914  is  still  smaller. 

Rev.  Similar,  but  v centavos. 

Size  24  mm.  Copper.  Plate  VIII. 

15  1 Centavo.  Obv.  In  centre,  1914, 

very  large ; above,  *f  estado  de  + ; be- 
low, DURANGO. 

Rev.  1 cent  within  a wreath. 

Size  20  mm.  Copper.  Plate  VIII. 

16  1 Centavo.  Same  as  No.  15  but 

struck  in  lead. 

Size  21  mm. 

17  1 Centavo.  Obv.  In  centre,  1914; 

above,  e.  de  durango;  below,  three 
five-pointed  stars. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

i8 

MEXICO 

Villa 

Issues 

Chihuahua 

Rev.  i cent  within  a border  of  dots  and 
dashes.  The  n in  cent  is  retrograde. 
Size  20  mm.  Copper.  Plate  VIII. 

In  1914  the  Villa  issues  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Muera  Huerta  pieces  just 
mentioned  consisted  of  copper  five-cen- 
tavo pieces.  These  new  coins  must  have 
been  issued  in  great  numbers,  as  they  are 
very  common  and  a large  number  of  dies 
were  used.  The  workmanship  is  decidedly 
better  than  the  coinage  of  1913  and  the 
dies  bear  the  name  of  Salazar.  All  of 
these  pieces  were  struck  in  Chihuahua. 
The  CHIHA  and  CHA  are  abbreviations 
of  the  state  name. 

18  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Radiate  liberty  cap 
inscribed  libertad  ; below  the  rays, 
salazar  ; above  republic  a Mexican  a ; 
at  bottom  —pe.de  chih-  *»— 

Rev.  5 i in  monogram  in  centre;  above 
EJERCITO  CON STITUCION ALISTA  ; below, 

— p 1914  -5— 

Size  25  mm.  Copper.  Plate  IX. 

19  Same  as  No.  18,  but  dated  1915. 
Size  25  mm.  Copper. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

19 

20  io  Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  1 8, 

but  larger  and  with  denticulated  border. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  18,  but  with  io  ff 
in  monogram  in  centre  instead  of  5 jzL 
Size  27  mm.  Copper.  Plate  IX. 

The  copper  used  to  make  these  pieces 
is  reported  to  have  come ' from  the  tele- 
graph and  telephone  wires  of  the  vast 
Terrazas  estates.  The  io-centavos  are 
not  nearly  as  plentiful  as  the  5 -centavos. 

21  5 Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus ; above, 
republica  mexicana;  below,  wreath. 
Rev.  The  same  as  No.  18,  but  incuse; 
everything  being  retrograde. 

Size  25  mm.  Copper.  Plate  IX. 

This  piece  is  most  peculiar  on  account 
of  the  incuse  reverse.  Since  the  writer 
has  seen  only  this  one  piece,  it  is  impossible 
to  tell  whether  this  was  the  reverse  in- 
tended or  not.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
obverse  is  from  a new  die. 

The  silver  issues  of  Villa  for  1915  show 
decided  improvement  both  in  workmanship 
and  in  striking,  although  some  of  the  plan- 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

20 

MEXICO 

chets  were  poorly  prepared.  They  were 
struck  at  Chihuahua  from  bullion  taken 
largely  from  the  Chihuahua  Smelter,  a 
part  of  the  American  Smelting  and  Re- 
fining Company.  The  issuing  of  this  coin 
enabled  Villa  to  recruit  many  men  for  the 
Sonora  campaign,  as  he  was  able  to  pay  his 
troops  in  silver  while  the  other  leaders 
could  pay  their  men  only  in  depreciated 
paper  money.  This  coinage  ran  into 
millions.  The  obverse  side  bears  the  sig- 
nature of  Sevilla  and  the  reverse  that  of 
Salazar. 

22  Peso.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular  Mex- 
ican eagle  on  cactus,  near  ground 
sevilla  ; above,  republica  mexicana  ; 
below,  wreath. 

Rev.  In  centre,  radiate  liberty  cap  in- 
scribed libertad,  with  salazar  under- 
neath ; above,  ejercito  del  norte 
(Army  of  the  North) ; below,  un  peso. 

CHA  1915.  F.M.  902.7. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  39  mm.  Weights 
of  pieces  examined  vary  from  26.80 
to  27.86  gr.  (414  to  430  grains),  and 
were  .903  fine.  Silver.  Plate  X. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

21 

The  army  of  the  North  did  not  confine 
its  mints  to  Chihuahua  province,  as  we 
find  a series  of  copper  coins  struck  in 
Jalisco.  The  commander  of  the  army  in 
this  state  was  Manuel  M.  Dieguez. 

Jalisco 

Issue 

23  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Radiate  liberty 
cap,  inscribed  libertad,  similar  to 
No.  18;  above,  republica  mexicana; 
below,  1915. 

Rev.  5 <1  in  monogram  in  centre ; above, 
EJERCITO  DEL  NORTE;  below,  EDO.  DE 
jal.  (Estado  de  Jalisco). 

Size  24  and  25  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XI. 

Three  different  die  varieties  have  been 
noted,  one  apparently  without  the  word 
LIBERTAD  On  Cap. 

24  2 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  23. 
Rev.  Similar,  but  with  2 { instead  of  5 \ 
Size  21  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XI. 

These  pieces  vary  from  2J  to  ij  mm. 
in  thickness. 

25  1 Centavo.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  23. 
Rev.  Similar,  but  1 i instead  of  5 i. 
Size  19  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XI. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

22 

MEXICO 

Aguas- 

calientes 

Francisco  Villa  struck  the  following 
coins  in  Aguascalientes. 

Madero 

Brigada 

Coahuila 

26  20  Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus ; above, 
ESTADO  DE  AGUASCALIENTES ; below, 
olive  wreath. 

Rev.  Partly  within  an  olive  wreath,  20 
centavos  1915. ; above,  a radiate  liberty 
cap  on  pole. 

Size  29  mm.  Copper. 

27  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  26. 
Rev.  Similar,  but  5 centavos.  1915, 
instead  of  20  centavos. 

Size  25  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XII. 

28  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  26. 
Rev.  5 £ in  monogram  within  olive 
wreath;  above,  1915. 

Size  25  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XII. 

In  the  state  of  Coahuila  General  Mac- 
lovio  Herrera,  as  Commander  of  the  Brigada 
Francisco  I.  Madero,  issued  during  1915  a 
20  centavos  piece  in  copper.  The  S.  N. 
D.  P.  on  the  obverse  of  the  coin  is  said 
to  be  the  motto  of  the  Brigade.  Two 
versions  have  been  given  of  the  meaning, 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

23 

and  probably  the  first  is  the  correct  one. 
They  are  as  follows  : — Servicio  Nacional 
Deuda  Publica  (National  Service,  a 
Public  Debt),  or  Sufragio  Nacional, 
Derecho  Publico  (National  Suffrage,  a 
Public  Right).  For  other  pieces  struck 
by  this  general,  see  page  12. 

29  20  Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  Mex- 
ican eagle  similar  to  that  used  on  the 
regular  Mexican  10  centavos  of  1899; 
below  1915.  Around  edge  brigada 

FRANCISCO  I.  MADERO  + S.N.D.P.  + 

Rev.  20  centavos,  above  + tran- 

SITORIO  + 

Size  29  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XII. 

Two  sets  of  dies  of  this  piece  have  been 
noted. 

The  above  comprise  the  revolutionary 
coin  issues  of  the  North. 

In  the  South,  Emiliano  Zapata  had 
been  conducting  a revolution  from  the  very 
first,  but  his  numismatic  evidences  began 
only  in  1914.  These  at  first  consisted 
of  two-peso  pieces  about  the  exact  size 
of  a single  peso  piece,  and  one-peso  pieces 
about  the  size  of  a 50-centavo  piece. 

Zapata 

Issues 

Guerrero 

State 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

24 

MEXICO 

Later,  the  two-peso  piece  was  reduced  in 
size  and  weight,  and  a 50-centavo  piece 
was  added.  Still  later,  a copper  issue 
appeared.  These,  for  the  most  part,  were 
coined  in  Guerrero  at  Taxco  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state.  This  town  is  sometimes 
spelled  Tasco.  One  piece  has  been  noted 
with  the  mint  name  Atlixtac,  a town  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Guerrero.  The  abbre- 
viation Co.  Mo.  or  C.M.  is  for  Campo 
Morado  (Purple  Camp),  a rich  mining 
camp  in  the  state  which  supplied  the  silver 
for  the  coinage. 

30  2 Pesos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular  Mex- 
ican eagle  on  cactus,  from  the  base  of 
which  spring  sprays  of  oak  and  olive; 
above,  republica  mexicana;  below, 

* DOS  PESOS.  GRO.  I914  : 

Rev.  A mountain  range  of  three  peaks , 
the  centre  one  a smoking  volcano,  above 
and  in  centre  a radiate  sun ; across ' 
topmost  rays,  oro  : 0,595.  Around 

edge,  “reforma,  libert ad,  justicia 
y ley”  (Reform,  Liberty,  Justice  and 
Law). 

Edge  reeded.  Size  39  mm.  Silver. 

Plate  XIII. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

25 

The  gro  on  the  obverse  is  for  Guerrero, 
the  state  where  the  pieces  were  made. 

The  weights  vary  from  17.46  to  27.42 
gr.  (269.4  to  421  grains).  There  seem  to 
have  been  two  periods  of  striking  these, 
as  the  heavier  ones  are  comparatively  well 
struck  while  the  lighter  ones  are  very 
poorly  struck  on  wretchedly  made  plan- 
chets.  See  fig.  30a,  Plate  XIV.  A num- 
ber of  dies  were  used,  but  as  the  intent 
seemed  to  be  to  make  them  alike,  no 
special  mention  of  the  minor  differences 
is  thought  necessary.  Also  a cast  piece, 
possibly  a counterfeit,  has  been  noted 
weighing  29.29  gr.  (423  grains). 

31  2 Pesos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  30,  but 
the  lower  part  of  the  legend  reads 
♦DOS  PESOS.  G^°.  1915  ♦ 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  30. 

Size  40  mm.  Silver. 

32  2 Pesos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  31,  but 
no  line  under  ro  of  gro. 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  30,  but  C-.  M-.,  in 
exergue. 

Size  39  mm.  Silver.  Plate  XV, 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

L_ 

26 

MEXICO 

33  2 Pesos.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  32. 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  32,  but  exergue 
reads  * c°.  M°.  * 

Size  39  mm.  Silver. 

The  edges  of  the  1915  issues  are  reeded 
as  in  the  previous  year  but  some  are  so 
lightly  done  as  hardly  to  show.  The 
pieces  noted  of  this  year  vary  in  weight 
from  22.94  to  29.47  gr.  (354  to  455  grains). 

34  2 Pesos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus ; above, 
republica  mexicana  ; below,  wreath 
of  oak  and  olive. 

Rev.  Radiate  liberty  cap  inscribed  liber- 
tad;  below,  dos  pesos,  c.  m.  gro.  1915. 
Edge  plain.  Size  35  mm.  Weight  of 
the  two  specimens  examined  18.66  and 
20.08  gr.  (288  and  310  grains).  Silver. 

Plate  XVI. 

35  Peso.  ‘Obv.  In  centre,  regular  Mex- 
ican eagle  on  cactus  from  the  base  of 
which  spring  sprays  of  oak  and  olive; 
below  base,  1914;  above  republica 
mexicana.  ; below,  * UN  PESO  c2. 
M-.  Gro  * 

Rev.  In  centre,  radiate  liberty  cap  on 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

27 

pole,  below  oro  : 10,300.  Around  edge, 
“reforma,  libertad,  justicia  y ley”. 
Size  33  mm.  Silver.  Plate  XVI. 

This  very  poorly  struck  specimen  is 
the  only  one  that  has  come  to  the  writer’s 
attention  and  weighs  16.52  gr.  (255  grains). 

36  Peso.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular  Mexican 
eagle  on  cactus,  from  the  base  of  which 
spring  sprays  of  oak  and  olive;  above, 
REPUBLIC  A MEXICANA.  ; below,  * UN 
PESO.  CAMPO  M2.* 

Rev.  In  centre,  radiate  liberty  cap  in- 
scribed libertad  within  a wreath  of 
oak  and  olive ; above,  gro  | oro  : 
0,300;  around  edge,  “reforma,  liber- 
tad, justicia  y ley”  1914. 

Edge  plain.  Size  31  mm.  Silver. 

Plate  XVII. 

37  Peso.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  36,  but  in- 
scription at  bottom  reads  only  * un 
PESO. 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  36  but  liberty  cap 
not  inscribed. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  30  mm.  Silver. 

38  Peso.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  37,  but  the 
sprays  at  base  of  cactus  extend  slightly 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

28 

MEXICO 

beyond  the  eagle’s  wings,  and  the  in- 
scription at  the  bottom  reads  * un 
PESO  * 

Rev.  Same  as  No.  36. 

Edge  plain.  Size  31  mm.  Silver. 

39  Peso.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  37,  but 
the  oak  and  olive  spray  extends  nearly 
to  the  edge  of  the  coin.  Inscription  at 
bottom  * un  peso. 

Rev.  Similar  to  36. 

Edge  plain.  Size  31  mm.  Silver. 

Plate  XVII. 

The  weights  of  these  peso  pieces  Nos. 
36  to  39  vary  from  12.57  to  14.52  gr. 
(194  to  224  grains). 

40  Peso.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  38,  but 
bottom  inscription  reads  * un  peso. 
Rev.  Similar,  but  inscription  above 
Liberty  cap  reads  taxco.  gro.  | * g.  | 
oro  : 0.300.  and  date  in  exergue  1915. 

Reeded  edge.  Size  30  mm.  Silver. 

Plate  XVIII. 

Two  specimens  examined  weighed  10.89 
and  12.44  gr-  (168  and  192  grains) 
respectively. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

29 

41  50  Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus;  above,  * re- 
publica  * mexicana  * ; below,  wreath 
of  oak  and  olive. 

Rev.  Within  an  olive  wreath,  - 50  ^ 
| taxco  | gro.  ; above,  radiate  sun  bear- 
ing date  1915. 

Plain  edge.  Size  28  mm. 

Weight  of  only  specimen  examined  8.81 
gr.  (136  grains).  Silver.  Plate  XVIII. 

42  50  Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus;  above,  re- 
publica  mexicana  ; below,  oak  and 
olive  wreath. 

Rev.  Within  an  olive  wreath,  50  | cen- 
tavos; above,  c.  m.  gro.  | 1915. 

Size  30  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XIX. 

43  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  41. 
Rev.  Within  an  olive  wreath  5 i in 
monogram;  above,  * taxco.  gro. 
1915- 

Size  28  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XIX. 

44  10  Centavos.  Obv . In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus;  above,  re- 
publica  mexicana;  below,  oak  and 
olive  wreath. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

30 

MEXICO 

Zapata 

Issues 

Morelos 

State 

Rev.  Within  an  olive  wreath,  1915  | 10 
| centavos;  above,  atlixtac.  gro. 
Size  28  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XIX. 

From  the  state  of  Morelos,  controlled 
by  Zapata,  the  following  pieces  have  been 
noted,  but  the  writer  feels  certain  that 
these  three  specimens  do  not  represent 
all  of  the  varieties  issued. 

45  20  Centavos.  Obv.  Regular  Mexican 
eagle  on  cactus;  above,  E.  l.  de  more- 
los  (Free  State  of  Morelos) ; below, 
wreath  of  oak  and  olive. 

Rev.  20  £ in  monogram  within  an  olive 
wreath;  above,  1915. 

Size  24  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XX. 

46  50  Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus,  from  the  base 
of  which  spring  sprays  of  oak  and  olive ; 
above,  republica  mexicana  ; below, 

MORELOS. 

Rev.  50  centavos  within  olive  wreath; 
above,  1916. 

Reeded  edge.  Size  29  mm.  Copper. 

Plate  XX. 

47  10  Centavos.  Obv.  In  centre,  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus;  above,  re- 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

igi3~igi6 

3i 

publica  mexicana;  below,  wreath  of 

oak  and  olive. 

Rev.  Within  olive  wreath,  mor  | 1916  | 

10  [ CENTAVOS. 

Size  28  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XX. 

Of  all  the  revolutionary  coins',  those 
produced  in  the  independent  state  of 
Oaxaca,  during  the  governorship  of  Jose 
Inez  Davila  in  1915,  form  the  most 
extensive  series,  especially  as  regards 
denominations  and  die  varieties.  Outside 
of  the  mint  of  Mexico  City,  the  only  gold 
that  was  struck  during  this  recent  period 
of  disturbance  was  from  the  Oaxaca  mint, 
where  a genuine  effort  was  made  to  provide 
an  adequate  coinage  to  meet  all  local  de- 
mands. This  coinage  circulated  freely 
in  Oaxaca  city  and  the  neighborhood. 
Notwithstanding  the  attempt  to  keep 
paper  and  bullion  money  somewhat  on  a 
parity,  the  coins  were  frequently  melted 
down,  so  that  the  number  of  pieces  in 
circulation  was  never  very  large.  On 
March  3,  1916,  the  Carranza  forces  over- 
came the  Oaxaca  government,  seized  and 

Oaxaca 

Issues 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

32 

MEXICO 

melted  down  all  of  this  coinage  they  could 
find,  and  destroyed  the  dies  and  archives, 
so  that  today  these  pieces  are  scarce, 
especially  in  the  United  States.  The 
denominations  issued  were  as  follows : 
in  gold,  60,  20,  10,  and  5 pesos ; in  silver, 
5,  2,  and  1 pesos,  50  and  20 centavos;  in 
copper,  20,  10,  5,  3,  and  1 centavos. 
As  there  were  various  changes  in  designs 
and  sizes,  together  with  frequent  mulings  of 
obverse  and  reverse  dies,  it  is  claimed  that 
a complete  set  of  this  Oaxaca  issue  would 
number  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
varieties. 

Teofilo  Monroy  was  the  director  of  the 
mint  and  his  son  Miguel  cut  the  dies, 
although  those  for  the  first  series  of 
copper  coins  were  made  by  an  American 
resident  of  the  city  named  De  Coe.  Some 
of  the  punches  used  to  make  them  were 
those  found  in  the  old  mint.  The  obverse 
type,  for  the  most  part,  was  of  one  design 
— the  bust  of  Benito  Pablo  Juarez  facing 
left,  and  the  inscription  Estado  L.  y S.  de 
Oaxaca  (Free  and  Sovereign  State  of 
Oaxaca)  and  the  date  1915. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 1 6 

33 

The  whole  issue  bears  the  date  1915, 
except  the  6o-pesos  piece.  This  coin 
was  made  in  the  early  part  of  1916  shortly 
before  the  Carranza  forces  came  in,  and 
it  is  said  that  partly  on  this  account  and 
partly  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  bullion 
but  twenty-one  of  these  were  struck. 
Each  of  these  pieces  contained  45  grams 
of  pure  gold. 

48  20  Pesos.  Obv.  Bust  of  Juarez  to 

left.  ESTADO  L.Y  S.  DE  OAXACA  ★ 1915  ★ 
scalloped  border  of  half  circles  enclosing 
half  dots. 

Rev.  Partly  enclosed  in  oak  wreath 
20  | pesos  | 0.175  | oro;  above,  MONEDA 
provisional  ; in  exergue  t.  m ; scalloped 
border  of  half  circles  and  half  dots. 
Edge  reeded.  Size  28  mm.  The  two 
specimens  noted  weighed  11.31  and  12.21 
gr.  (i74i  and  i88i  grains).  Base 
gold.  Plate  XXI. 

49  10  Pesos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  48, 
except  that  the  border  is  composed  of 
arcs  rather  than  half  circles. 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  48,  except  10  in- 
stead of  20. 

Oaxaca 

Gold 

1 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

34 

MEXICO 

Oaxaca 

Silver 

Edge  reeded.  Size  23  mm.  The  two 
specimens  examined  weighed  6.22  and 
6.28  gr.  (96  and  97  grains)  respectively. 
Base  gold.  Plate  XXI. 

50  5 Pesos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  49  ex- 
cept that  the  date  runs  into  the  coat 
of  Juarez  and  the  stars  are  four  pointed. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  49  except  5 in- 
stead of  10,  and  a period  after  pesos. 
The  border  is  composed  of  arcs  rather 
than  half  circles. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  19  mm.  The  two 
specimens  examined  weighed  3.34  and 
379  gr.  (51J  and  58^  grains)  respec- 
tively. Base  gold.  Plate  XXI. 

These  three  pieces,  as  the  title  0.175 
indicates,  are  of  very  base  gold.  They 
present  an  extremely  brassy  or  lemon- 
colored  appearance.  The  initials  t m on 
the  reverses  of  these  and  most  of  the  other 
coins  are  for  Teofilo  Monroy,  the  director 
of  the  mint. 

51  5 Pesos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  49. 
Rev.  In  centre  5,  in  circle  AG  0.902  au 
0.010  pesos;  above  moneda  pro- 
visional; below,  oak  wreath  and  T m. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

35 

Edge  reeded.  Size  31  mm.  Of  the 
several  pieces  examined,  the  weights 
vary  from  16.62  to  16.78  gr.  (256^  to 
259  grains).  Silver.  Plate  XXI. 

52  5 Pesos.  Same  as  No.  51,  but  size 
32!  mm.  and  weight  17.30  gr.  (267 
grains).  One  obverse  and  two  reverse 
dies  have  been  noted. 

53  2 Pesos.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  49. 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  51  but  2 in  place 
of  5. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  22  mm.  Weights 
noted  vary  from  5.96  to  6.48  gr.  (92  to 
100  grains).  Silver. 

Two  obverse  and  one  reverse  dies  have 
been  noted,  one  of  the  reverse  dies  being 
the  same  as  used  on  the  io-peso  piece, 
No.  49.  Proofs  in  copper  were  also  struck. 
This  style  of  the  two-peso  piece  is  known 
as  the  fourth  issue. 

54  2 Pesos.  Obv.  As  No.  53,  but  no 
punctuation  in  legend. 

Rev.  A pair  of  scales  over  scroll  of  the 
Constitution  and  a sword  in  saltire ; on 
the  scroll,  ley;  above,  liberty  cap  in  a 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

36 

MEXICO 

glory.  Around,  moneda  provisional; 
below,  2 pesos. 

Edge,  rope  pattern.  Size  33  mm.  The 
specimens  that  have  been  weighed  vary 
from  14.19  to  14.77  gr.  (219  to  228 
grains).  Silver.  Plate  XXII. 

But  one  set  of  dies  has  been  noticed, 
and  this  variety  is  known  as  the  first 
issue. 

55  2 Pesos.  Obv.  Same  die  as  No.  54 
but  commas  added  after  l,  s,  and  end 
of  legend. 

Rev.  Similar  to  No.  54,  but  dos  pesos. 
instead  of  2 pesos. 

Edge,  rope  pattern.  Size  34  mm. 
Weights  vary  from  14.00  to  14.45  gr. 
(216  to  223  grains).  Silver.  Plate  XXII. 
This  is  known  as  the  second  issue. 

56  2 Pesos.  Obv.  Similar,  but  the  die 
being  intended  for  a peso  piece,  the 
edge  of  the  die  shows,  making  a broad 
confining  band  outside  the  border  of 
arcs. 

Rev.  In  centre,  2 pesos  ; above, 
moneda  provisional  ; below,  oak 
Wreath  and  t m.  Border  composed  of 
arcs  of  circles. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - 1 9 1 6 

37 

Edge,  rope  pattern,  size  31  mm.  The 
weights  of  the  several  pieces  examined 
vary  from  15.36  to  16.98  gr.  (237  to 
262  grains).  Silver.  Plate  XXIII. 

This  is  known  as  the  third  issue. 

The  edges  of  most  of  the  balance  of 
the  series  are  of  the  rope  pattern  and  conse- 
quently will  not  be  noted. 

57  1 Peso.  Obv.  Same  dies  as  No.  56. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  56  but  un  peso  in- 
stead of  2 pesos  and  without  the  T m. 
Size  28  mm.  Weight  8.51  gr.  (131J 
grains).  Silver. 

58  1 Peso.  Obv.  Same  as  above. 

Rev.  Same  as  above. 

Size  26  mm.  Average  weight  7.71  gr. 
(1 19  grains).  Silver.  Plate  XXIII. 

At  least  three  obverse  dies  have  been 
noted,  one  of  which  is  the  same  die  as 
No.  57.  Two  reverse  dies  were  used  and 
on  one  of  these  the  initials  t m were 
added,  making  three  varieties. 

59  50  Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  above. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  58  but  50  cen- 
tavos in  place  of  un  peso. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

38 

MEXICO 

Oaxaca 

Copper 

Size  22  to  23  mm.  Weights  from  4.08 
to  5.57  gr.  (63  to  86  grains).  Silver. 

Plate  XXIII. 

Five  obverse  dies  are  known,  one  of 
which  is  the  same  as  that  used  on  the 
io-peso  piece  No.  49  and  the  2 -peso  piece 
No.  53.  One  reverse  die  only  has  been 
noted,  this  being  found  with  and  without 
the  initials  t m. 

60  A silver  twenty-centavo  piece  has 
been  reported.  This  was  issued  for  a 
short  time  prior  to  the  copper  20-centavo 
piece,  and  then  discontinued.  No  speci- 
men is  known  in  the  United  States,  and 
the  details  of  size,  weight,  etc.,  are 
lacking. 

61  20  Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  51. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  59,  but  20  centavos 
in  centre,  no  initials. 

Size  31  mm.  Copper. 

62  20  Centavos. 

Obv.  Similar  to  above. 

Rev.  Similar  to  above. 

Size  28  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XXIV. 

Five  obverse  dies  have  been  noted, 
four  of  which  are  those  of  the  one-peso 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 1 6 

39 

and  that  of  the  20-peso  piece.  Two 
reverse  dies  appear  to  have  been  used,  one 
with  and  one  without  the  initials  t m. 

63  10  Centavos.  Obv.  As  above,  but  with 
the  head  of  Juarez  without  modeling 
and  tip  of  bust  pointed. 

Rev.  Same  as  above  but  10  centavos. 
Size  26  mm.  Thick  and  thin  planchets. 
Copper.  Plate  XXIV. 

The  thick  specimens  were  the  first 
issued  of  the  copper  pieces  and  were  soon 
melted  down. 

64  10  Centavos.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  58. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  63. 

Size  26  mm.  Copper. 

There  appear  to  have  been  at  least  four 
obverse  dies  used,  all  of  which  were  of 
the  one-peso  piece,  while  two  or  possibly 
three  reverse  dies  were  used,  with  and 
without  the  t m. 

65  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  63. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  63  but  5 centavos. 
Thick  planchet.  Size  24  mm.  Copper. 
This  piece  belongs  to  the  first  issue. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

40 

MEXICO 

66  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  65. 
Rev.  Same  as  No.  65. 

Thin  planchet.  Size  22  mm.  Copper. 

67  5 Centavos.  Obv.  Same  as  No.  59. 
Rev.  Similar  to  No.  65. 

Size  22  mm.  Copper. 

The  obverse  dies  are  the  same  as  used 
on  the  50  centavos,  as  well  as  on  the  10 
pesos  and  2 pesos.  (Nos.  49  and  53 
respectively) ; and  at  least  three  reverse 
dies  were  employed. 

It  has  been  reported  that  the  first  die 
cut  showed  a facing  head  of  Juarez. 
This  could  easily  have  proved  unsatis- 
factory, necessitating  the  adoption  of  the 
profile.  These  pieces  are  undoubtedly 
extremely  rare. 

68  3 Centavos.  Obv.  estado  | l.y.s. 
de  | oaxaca  | 1915  in  rectangular  frame. 
A five  pointed  star  in  each  corner. 

Rev.  PROVISIO  | NAL  . TRES  CEN- 

TAVOS • — tm  — in  rectangular  frame. 
A five  pointed  star  in  each  corner. 
Rectangular  24  X 16  mm.  Plain  edge. 
Copper.  Plate  XXIV. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

41 

This  and  No.  71  were  makeshifts  while 
other  dies  were  being  prepared,  and  very 
few  got  into  circulation. 

69  3 Centavos.  Obv.  Similar  to  the  gold 
5-pesos  piece  No.  50  but  with  border  of 
half  circles  and  dots  as  on  No.  48. 

Rev.  Similar  to  above  but  in  centre  a 
large  flat  topped  3 ; below,  centavos. 
The  N is  retrograde.  Border  of  half 
circle. 

Size  20  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XXV. 

70  3 Centavos.  Obv.  Same  die  as  69. 

Rev.  Similar,  the  3 is  smaller  and  with  a 
round  top ; t m added  above  wreath. 
Size  20  mm.  Copper.  Plate  XXV. 

It  is  said  that  the  obverse  die  was  in- 
tended for  the  gold  5 -pesos  piece  No.  50 
but  was  too  large. 

71  1 Centavo.  Obv.  Similar  to  No.  68 
but  inscription  in  three  lines,  the  date 
being  omitted.  Dotted  instead  of  linear 
border,  and  no  stars  in  corners. 

Rev.  Inscription  in  three  lines  instead 
of  four  as  on  the  three-centavo  piece, 
the  tm  being  omitted.  The  word  un. 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

42 

MEXICO 

Oaxaca 

1916 

Gold 

being  substituted  in  place  of  the 
Tres. 

Rectangular  19  X 13  mm.  Plain  edge- 
Copper.  Plate  XXV. 

72  1 Centavo.  Obv.  Similar  to  63. 

Rev.  Similar  to  65  but  1^  in  centre. 
Thick.  Size  18  mm.  Copper. 

Plate  XXV. 

73  1 Centavo.  Obv.  and  Rev.  same  as 
above. 

Size  19  mm.  Copper. 

These  are  found  on  thick  and  thin 
planchets  and  two  dies  for  both  obverse 
and  reverse  were  employed. 

Judging  from  the  only  example  of  the 
coinage  for  the  next  year,  the  issues  for 
1916  would  have  been  equally  extensive 
and  in  all  probability  of  better  workman- 
ship, if  the  Davila  government  had  re- 
mained in  power  at  Oaxaca.  As  it 
happened,  the  Free  and  Sovereign  State 
of  Oaxaca  closed  its  numismatic  existence 
with  probably  the  most  interesting  as 
well  as  best  executed  specimen  of  the 
revolutionary  coins. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

i 9 i 3 - i 9 i 6 

43 

74  6o  Pesos.  Ofo.  In  centre  within  an 
open  wreath  of  olive  and  oak,  an  un- 
draped bust  of  Juarez  facing  left. 
Surrounding  this  the  legend : estado 
L.  Y S.  DE  OAXACA  — 6o  PESOS  ORO. 
Ornamented  border. 

Rev.  In  centre,  a pair  of  scales  over 
scroll  of  the  Constitution  and  a sword 
in  saltire;  on  the  scroll,  ley;  above, 
liberty  cap  in  glory.  Around,  republica 
Mexican  a — 902.7  * t.m.  * 1916.  Orna- 
mented border. 

Edge  reeded.  Size  39  mm.  Weight  50 
gr.  (772  grains).  Gold.  Frontispiece. 

Copper  impressions  are  also  known  of 
this  piece. 

ADDENDA 

Since  going  to  press,  the  following 
Muera  Huerta  peso  has  been  discovered. 
On  account  of  its  crudeness  it  may  have 
been  the  first  one  of  this  series  cut,  and 
was  then  discontinued  when  better  dies 
were  prepared.  See  Nos.  7 and  8.  This 
peso  is  undoubtedly  an  authorized  piece 
made  in  Durango,  as  the  edge  was  reeded 
by  the  same  machine  that  made  the  other 

New  Muera 
Huerta  Peso 

AND  MONOGRAPHS 

44 

MEXICO 

coins.  The  die  work  is  interesting,  as 
the  obverse  lettering  clearly  shows  that 
the  same  die-cutter  made  this  who  cut  the 
Parral  50-centavo  piece,  No.  5 ; and  the 
reverse  lettering  and  stars  are  of  the  same 
style  as  on  the  Durango  centavo,  No.  17. 

8a.  Peso.  Obv.  In  centre,  the  regular 
Mexican  eagle  on  cactus ; above,  • ejer- 
CITO  CONSTITUCIONALISTA  • ; below,  MU- 
ERA  huerta.  Border  of  irregular 
denticulations. 

Rev.  In  centre,  a radiate  liberty  cap ; 
above,  estados  unidos  mexicanos  ; 
below,  un  peso  | 1914;  at  each  side, 
three  stars.  Border  of  dots  and  irreg- 
ular denticulations. 

Edge  crudely  reeded.  Size  39  mm. 
Weight  23.88  gr.  (369  grains). 

Plate  XXVI. 

NUMISMATIC  NOTES 

MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  I 


Buelna  Peso.  Sinaloa 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  II 


Carrasco  Peso.  Sinaloa 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  III 


4 


Parral  Issue.  Chihuahua 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  IV 


Parral  Issue.  Chihuahua 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  V 


Muera  Huerta  Peso.  Durango 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  VI 


Muera  Huerta  Pesos 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  VII 


Durango  Copper  Issues 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  VIII 


Durango  Copper  Issues 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  IX 


Villa’s  Copper  Issues.  Chihuahua 


vvwvkw 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  X 


22 


Villa’s  Peso.  Chihuahua 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XI 


Jalisco  Copper  Issue 


MEXICO  1913-16  Plate  XII 


Villa’s  Aguascalientes  Issue  (27,  28) 
Madero  Brigade.  Coahuila  (29) 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XIII 


Zapata  Two  Pesos,  1914.  Guerrero 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XIV 


30a 


Zapata  Two  Pesos,  1914.  Guerrero 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XV 


32 


Zapata  Two  Pesos,  1915.  Guerrero 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XVI 


Zapata  Issues.  Guerrero 


Plate  XVII 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Zapata  Pesos,  1914.  Guerrero 


Plate  XVIII 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Zapata  Issues,  1915.  Guerrero 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XIX 


Zapata  Copper  Issues,  1915.  Guerrero 


MEXICO  1913-16  Plate  XX 


Zapata  Copper  Issues.  Morelos 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XXI 


Oaxaca  Issues, 


Gold  Alloys 


Plate  XXII 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Oaxaca  Silver,  Two  Pesos 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XXIII 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XXIV 


Oaxaca  Copper  Issues 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XXV 


Oaxaca  Copper  Issues 


MEXICO  1913-16 


Plate  XXVI 


8a 


Muera  Huerta  Peso. 


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I 


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